Interaction of Color

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Josef Albers book, “Interaction of Color” is about how humans perceive color. Albers concludes that color deceives us. No one can truly identify a specific hue of a color. In fact he says that people, in general, only have a vocabulary of about 30 different colors.

For example, he says if fifty people were asked to imagine the color red, every one of those people would imagine a different shade of red based on past experience. If people were asked to identify the red used for the Coca-Cola sign, most likely no one would get the same result as another person. We simply cannot remember exactly what hue or shade of red the Coca-Cola sign is.

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Albers also explains that our optically senses deceive us. He does numerous tests and exercises to show this. For example, he demonstrates that when the same color is place in the middle of two different colors it appears to be different. This illusion is because of the surrounding colors. Colors appear to be different when placed next to different colors.

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Therefore, the designer must be careful when creating a color scheme for a design. Each viewer will have a different perception of the color so choosing color is important.

"Sustainable Innovation" A Lecture By Nathan Shedroff

http://www.nathan.com/

Nathan Shedroff’s guest lecture in Design 1 at UC Davis was about design sustainability. He started his lecture off with stating the main components or content of design, which include experience, meaning, systems, and services. Together business, sustainability, and design itself work to form what we called design today.

As Shedroff continued his lecture he began focus more on sustainable design. He asked three questions.

What does a more sustainable world look like?
What is a more meaningful world look like?
What’s a post-consumer world look like?

His answer to these questions was that “we don’t know the answers.” He even went on to conclude that there is no such thing as sustainable design and that nothing is completely sustainable. However, when we are discussing sustainable design the content includes a financial, social, and ecological aspect. Each of these categories is formed by principles, frameworks, tools, and strategies. He talked about sustainability has only now become a new obstacle or constraint to the design world. For designers Shedroff thinks it is important to share with businesses the importance of sustainability in a language they can understand.

One of Shedroff’s main points of advice to designers was “don’t design things today that make tomorrow worse (…for your kids).” Design with a purpose or meaning is also important.

"Objectified"

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The film “Objectified” discusses design as it is in our society today. Many designers explain what they think about design, what design is, and how it has progressed.

One designer quoted that “Every object tells a story, if you know how to read it.” This is can be quite true. We often overlook the design of a product. For example, the shape of an object may be designed the way it is for a specific purpose; to provide comfort. Therefore, design is a way of making our society aesthetically pleasing and providing more convenience in our everyday lives without us even noticing.

The designers in this film also discuss how objects are made in mass production creating a mass communication to society and the world. This also leads to the discussion of the human mindset. As humans we are constantly looking for the newest product, we want the best and we want it now. Since we think this way it is the job of the designer is to continue creating, by looking at form and concept, to please the society they work in. However, one man that was interviewed in the film explained that he thought we should focus on the old things we have, because new things don’t last forever. He concluded that most people probably care more about the old things they possess because they have a special significance.

The last major topic in this film was creating sustainable design. Today, the job of the designer is much more challenging. No only does a designer need to focus on creating something new and practical, he or she also needs to make their product friendly to the environment. Landfills are growing and it is important that designers create products that prevent them from growing even more.

Therefore, designers have a very different job that they did a couple decades ago. Designers must focus on the “now” and the future, the practical and the aesthetically pleasing, and the environmental friendly. Design is a complex process that we overlook almost everyday.

Design is More than What We See...

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Design takes time. A designer always needs to begin the creative process when thinking about a new idea. A designer needs to be patient and ready to make changes to fit the clients and audiences desires. Therefore, almost all designs we observe in our daily life had to go through many different stages or drafts before it was considered finished.

The design process has three steps; thinking, looking, and doing.

The first step is “thinking” about the design. This includes brainstorming ideas, considering constraints given by the client, the clients and audiences desires, and budget. The designer must consider all these things before actually beginning to create the design.

The second step is “looking” at other designs. This is considered the research part of the creative process. Designers observe other designs already produced and gather information and inspiration for their production.

The third step is “doing.” This is the step that the designer takes to create the final product. This step involves prototyping the design. The designer must make many drafts or tests that eventually result in the finished product. The designer may use thumbnails, sketches, and drafts until he/she is satisfied. This step is also important for the designer’s client. The design must have many different options in case the client isn’t pleased with the first idea.

Therefore, design is more than the final product we see; it is a long and well planned process. Design is about the process and the finished product.

Color Craze

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Design often consists of color. The world we see everyday is filled with color. Color makes what we view more interesting. Designers almost always use color in design. However, some designs are in black and white. The use of color definitely depends on the artist’s preference. For example, the expressionists loved color but Leonardo da Vinci thought color was an enemy to art. Therefore, color in design all depends on the artists’ choice.

Many designers utilize color to create unity, variety, balance, and to attract the viewer to the design. Color can be found on the color wheel. Artists and designers use warm and cool colors, primary, secondary, tertiary, and complementary colors.

Colors are originally found in nature but now have expanded and are found all throughout society today. Artists have found ways to make colors “pop” out at us or cause emotion. By placing red and green together it is pleasing to the eye because the colors balance each other; as well as yellow with purple and orange with blue. By placing red, orange, and yellow together we get the feeling of warmth and happiness; while blue, green, and purple cause a feeling of coolness and sometimes sadness. By using different tints of color an artist can create depth and unity.

Therefore, color is a strong element in design. It can cause a design to have many different qualities. It can draw the viewer closer or it can push them away. Color is powerful and that is why it is used so widely in society today.

Billboards

When you drive down the street, billboards always seem to jump out and catch our attention. Billboards are supposed to catch are attention, obviously. Therefore, the design of billboards is very important.

Billboards are put in places that will purposely attract people. Most can be found alongside roads and in larger cities. Drivers and passengers in cars are looking out the window most of the time anyways so billboards definitely give them something to look at. However, the challenge for the designer of the advertisement is to make the viewer want to look at the billboard and want to support what is advertised.

Some ways that a designer will make a billboard visually appealing is the use of color, scale, and proportion. A lot of the time an advertisement will include bright colors to catch the attention of viewer. For example, reds and yellows seem to pop out against the blue sky. Another design element a designer might utilize is scale/ proportion. When something is unusually big or even unusually small it draws our attention. Humans are automatically attracted to things that are not “normal.” Therefore, using scale and proportion can be a big advantage for a billboard designer.

Overall, billboards contribute largely to our society. They help promote businesses, products, and ideas through art and design.

Quilts: Pattern and Rhythm

The Nelson Art Gallery, located in UC Davis, currently is displaying many African American sewn quilts. Each quilt has its own unique pattern and design. Although all the quilts are different they all share two elements of design, pattern and rhythm.


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Many of the quilt’s creators are unknown, and therefore untitled. One of these unknown quilts had a very simple pattern. The quilt had four sections and in each section one flower with six petals. The repetition of this image is considered pattern. Since the quilt has a repetition of shapes and color, the design is more attractive to the viewer. The flowers cause the viewer’s eyes to rotate around the quilt in stead of focusing on one focal point. Rhythm is another element utilized in this design to make the viewer’s eyes circulate around the quilt. The petals on the flowers are each facing in different directions; three petals curving to the left and three curving to the right. This technique adds a flow or rhythm to the design, just as different repeated notes add rhythm to music.

Another quilt that was displayed at the gallery was called, “Piano Keys” and created by Avis Collins Robinson, 2009. This particular quilt had much pattern and rhythm as well. It consisted of many vertical fabric strips of different lengths and colors. In fact, it only utilizes different shades of the primary colors; blue, red, and yellow. Each color occupies one third of the space and transitions into each other. This can be defined as pattern because of the pattern of the different shades of color and because of the pattern of the vertical lines and nature of the quilt. The quilts title, “Piano Keys” implies rhythm and the vertical patterns represent keys on a piano.

Therefore, quilts are often a perfect example of pattern and rhythm utilized in design.




Quilt By: Avis Collins Robinson
Title: Sharecropper's Masterpiece, 2008 (featured at the Nelson Art Gallery, UC Davis)
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Scale and Proportion

Scale and proportion both contribute to size in design. They refer to size measured against other objects or images within the design.


A designer or artist can use these two elements of design for a few different reasons. First, the elements can be used to grab the viewer’s attention. For example, in the image to the left the tiny person hanging the frame is where are attention is directed. Although it is the smallest object in the photo, it stands out because it is used as positive space. The dark figure catches our attention against the large, white wall background.

Photograph By: Loan Nguyen
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The designer also could be using the small figure to emphasis this particular part of the photo. Since our attention is directed to this particular spot; it must be important to the artist purpose of the piece.

Another reason for this change in proportion and scale is that it is unexpected. As humans we perceive the man hanging the picture to be normal size. However, the size of the wall is exaggerated to make the man smaller than we would recognize.

Therefore, the photographer utilized scale and proportion in many ways for different effects on the design and on the audience viewing the design.

Design with a Purpose

Design is created in a purposeful way. A designer generally, if not always, has a reason he or she is using the elements found in design. When a designer is in the thinking process of the creation, one of the questions they ask is, “What is the type of audience will be viewing my work?” The designer also needs to think about how they are going to please that audience with their design.

One way a design will catch the viewer’s attention is through a focal point. A focal point is the section of the design that stands out the most. This element can be achieved by utilizing color, size, and balance.

For example when you view the photo below, your eyes are clearly directed to the middle of the circle, right where the train tracks get to the point where you can no longer see it.



By Christy Bindas
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Another way to catch the viewer’s attention is through balance. The photo above achieves balance because of its horizontal axis. This axis separates the sky from the railroad.

The rusted nut that is being held up also grabs our attention. This object allows the photo to have balance. It is positive space that allows us to focus on the negative space, which draws our eye to the focal point.

Therefore, this photo wasn’t just taken without purpose. The artist clearly thought about all the elements that would capture a viewer’s attention.

In fact all railroad tracks we encounter will have a focal point and balance. Therefore, deign in our society also achieves to grab our attention.

Visual Perception in Design (Gestalt Theory)

When we look at design we look for meaning or unity. This psychology of our visual perception is defined as the gestalt theory.

Design can be perceived as two-dimensional or three-dimensional. However, no matter what the design is, it always will have unity between shape, color, size, or other elements of art. The viewer automatically attempts to find this unity and pattern when analyzing the piece of work.

For example, if a viewer is observing a two dimensional design that consists of two dots and a line, the viewer might connect the image to the image of a face, specifically a smiley face.

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If a viewer observes a design that is three-dimensional that consisted of many lines crossing over each other, the viewer might connect the piece to an image of a triangles.

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The fact is that the viewer views things in a logical way. If the viewer cannot connect the design to any pattern, it will seem chaotic to the viewer. As a result of chaos the viewer may walk away from the design which is not supporting the designer.

Therefore, a designer must work to achieve unity in design so the viewer will be able to relate to the product. A designer may achieve unity through repetition, continuation, lines, positive and negative space, shape, size (scale), or color. The designer needs to find a balance between unity and variety, without losing the focal point of the design.

Unity and Variety

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Design is defined by two characteristics: unity and variety. Both are found in most every design we view everyday. Unity is the relationship between similar elements of design. Variety is the relationship between different elements. Although these two characteristics seem to contradict each other they also work together.

When a design contains unity, it connects and organizes the design. Unity can be repeated images or elements through out the design. However, unity does not necessarily mean the repeating images or elements need to be identical. The main reason unity is important is so that the design does not seem random or without meaning.

When design contains variety, it makes the design more interesting. Variety can be a variation of any element in a design. For example, a designer could add variation to color, size, or shapes in his/ her piece. Although, it is appealing for a designer to add variety to design, he or she should not add too much or the piece because it may seem overwhelming.

Therefore, when a designer combines unity and variety in design, the final product will be of interest to the viewer; and the viewer’s attention is important to the designer. One other important point between unity and variety is that they must be utilized together. If they are not used together the design loses its quality. If unity is absent but variety is present, the design may seem unorganized and hard to understand. If variety is absent but unity is present, the design may seem boring and repetitive.

As we encounter design throughout the day, unity and variety will be present in what we observe, no matter how little each one may be expressed. People, themselves represent unity with variety. We all have the same body parts but each one is unique.

What is Design Composed Of?

Design is something that is created. In order for something to be created it needs parts or things to be created with. When society is looked at with the topic of design in mind it is clear that all designs are made up of something.

Some designs can be made up of nature.
Andy Goldsworthy, a Scottish artist, finds his inspiration through nature. He places leaves, sticks, and other products from nature in a

way that is artistic and then photographs them.

Photo Copied From:
http://classes.design.ucla.edu/

Some designs can be made up of products we use everyday.
Lisa Hoke makes artistic designs by placing colorful plastic cups together.

Photo Copied From:
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Some designs can be made up of just paint. Jackson Polluck made art only using splashes and slashes of paint on large areas.

Photo Copied From:
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Some designs cans be made of other materials like plastic, metal, wood, fibers; design can be made out of anything. Design is all about thinking outside the box and finding inspiration outside of us. We just need to look at the world around us and maybe we can even think of something new to design and new products to design with.

the Designer + the Viewer

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One major part of design is the viewer’s response. When a designer creates a product they most likely are thinking about what the outcome of there design will be and how the viewer will react to it. However, the design has a choice to make the design practical or personal to the viewer.

Some designs are simple and straightforward. These designs are usually practical. When analyzed and observed the theme or the point of the design can be easily distinguished. These types of design usually are things we use everyday; therefore, we have a general understanding of the design’s purpose and meaning already.

Other designs seem to be a little more complex and require a deeper analysis and understanding. This type of design creates a more personal effect for the viewer. The main goal of these types of designs is to cause the viewer to participate in thinking about what the designer is trying to express through their design. This makes the viewer spend time to observe and even interpret the design themselves. It also gives the viewer the opportunity to add their own meaning to the work.

Either way the designer has a purpose for the design. The viewer can interpret what the designer is trying to express in their own way and that is why the viewer is so important to the designer.

The Benefit of Design

When most people think of design they relate it to art and a lot of the time this is very true, design is art. However, design isn’t always just something to look at like studio art; design can be practical for our everyday lives as well. Everyone benefits from design because everything in the world has a design.

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Man can create design and nature can create design. Every person has the ability to create. The human mind is so intelligent that it has given us the power to create or design most everything we use today. Every invention has a design. Every inventor created that design. Everyone benefits from new inventions; therefore, every man made product is design.
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Even nature has and makes its own design. Mountains, trees, and plants were not created by man but they too benefit people. Sometimes even humans can control the design of nature.

No matter where design came from it is found everywhere. Design can relate to art, psychology, sociology, philosophy, and many other subjects that we study. It can help us to understand big ideas and explain them as well. Therefore, design doesn’t just benefit the client or the designer; design benefits you.

the Design Process

Design can be described as a noun or a verb. Design can be observed or it can be created. Design is a plan; it is a process. It doesn’t need to be anything recognizable because the point of designing is creating something new. Overall design is about the creative process and not the final product.

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There are a few steps to the process of design. First, a designer needs inspiration to begin his/her creative process. However, where does that inspiration come from? There are two answers to this question; it either comes from within the designer or the designer finds inspiration outside of themselves.

Only a few designers find their inspiration for creating from within themselves; many designers find inspiration outside of themselves. They analyze the world around them. They look for things that would not only be something they enjoy or think is practical or good; they look for things that would inspire and please others around them. They view things with an open mind and then they begin their creative process. Part of this process also includes the designer being open to criticism. Therefore, the designer can take the feedback from criticism and create something even better next time.

Food is Design

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We encounter design throughout our life everyday. Even the food we eat is related to how each society differs. We place food in categories which represent the different parts of the world. Each meal we eat is made up of many different ingredients to make one creation. We can design the meal and we can critique the meal.

Restaurants are the perfect example of food design in society. Each restaurant can choose to serve any food they want; they can even serve their own creation. This relates to the job of a designer; a designer creates something entirely new or creates a new combination made up of different things. Food is a combination of different ingredients that make up something new. Food can also be arranged on a plate, courses of meals are an example of design, menus are set up in an appealing way, and even restaurants themselves were designed for aesthetics and comfort.

People also have the privilege of critiquing food. We use our senses to judge what we think of the food. We can look at the food, smell it, touch it, and analyze it. We might not even try it if it doesn’t look or smell appealing. However, taste is probably the most important sense we have when it comes to food. The way food tastes is what makes us decide if we like it or not. Food in every society tastes different, even foods in one society differ. Therefore, even with the food we make and eat we are acting as a designer.

People = Design

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Every person has their own design. People are design. No one is exactly the same, our physical and emotional characteristics all differ. Therefore, when we ask the question, “Who are the people of design?” the answer is people. Everyone is a person of design.

We all look different. We all think differently. We all act differently.

When we look at all the different people around us one thing we immediately do is judge them and their aesthetics. We look at the way there body is different from ours and we look at the apparel they wear. We judge them and we criticize them just like a designer would. When we observe the decisions that those around us make; we are analyzing their thoughts. When we watch other people’s actions we judge and criticize the ethics of others and sometimes compare them to our own. Once again we are acting as a designer would.

Therefore, as people of design we make the best designers. We think and act just as a designer would. We even have the ability to make our own designs. We design our own outfit, our bedroom, our daily schedule, and many others things as well. We are designing our lives everyday. We are the people of design.

hangul: Design & Communication

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Currently, in the Design Museum at UC Davis there is an exhibition called “typographic exploration in hangul.” It relates to design in our society specifically the Korean society. The designers of the exhibition use typography with the native script of Korea, known as Hangul.

These designs are bright and colorful and even though they are in a native language the art still communicates to you. Each design in the museum is created a specific way for a specific meaning. They convey emotions and thoughts that inspire the viewer to think and feel. They show Korean letters acting out what the piece is trying to communicate. For example, one design shows letters arranged in colorful circles representing a traditional Korean dance that is performed by women and children dancing in circles wearing colorful clothing. Another design encourages the viewer the stand up which is represented by some Hangul letters standing up next to other letters that are lying down. These two designs and the many others speak through their design. The arrangement of the letters, the colors, the added pictures, and the letters of Hangul themselves all contribute to what the design is trying to say. Therefore, this exhibition specifically relates to how design can speak to us literally.